Free, open source and paid programs offer. Increasing social surplus

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14990843

Palavras-chave:

AI programs, Free software, Open Source, Welfare, Collective goods

Resumo

The overall impact of programs embedded in information technology applications have special characteristics. The structural offer of new technology programs has, today, three options: Free software, Open source, and paid software. The paper discusses each offer and explores weaknesses and strengths analysis of the goods and services produced. Strengths, weaknesses, and benefits advocated are increasing or decreasing private and Welfare surplus impact.  Different offers, or a mix of offers, deserve attention because the resulting framework implied users risks, regulations, collective and private property rights, and benefits changing more Welfare surplus. As a result, we guess software innovation is better suited to a common good or collective property or better to a common math-based language than a private right. We suggest bypassing Free, Open source, and paid offers and the conflict based on the property rights system to increase the Welfare surplus.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Alessandro Aveni, Universidade de Brasília

Bacharel em Administração e Mestre em Geografia pela Universidade de Brasília-UnB, Doutor em Ciências Políticas pela Universidade Statale de Milano e em Administração pela Universidade Cormerciale Luigi Bocconi di Milano ambas na Itália. Possui também Especialização em Estratégia Empresarial pela Fundação Getúlio Vargas-FGV.

Referências

Acemoglu, D., Makhdoumi, A., Malekian, A., & Ozdaglar, A.. Too Much Data: Prices and Inefficiencies in Data Markets. National Bureau of Economic Research, No. w26296. 2019. https://economics.harvard.edu/files/economics/files/acemoglu_spring_2020.pdf.

Aveni A. Clarify Artificial Intelligence (AI) decisions models rights in Intelectual Property (IP) system. Revista JRG de Estudos Acadêmicos. v.7, p.e141033, 2024a.

Aveni A. Define artificial intelligence outcomes as intellectual property collective right. Revista Processus de Estudos de Gestão, Jurídicos e Financeiros. v.XV, p.1 - 18, 2024b.

Bennett, R. E.. Formative assessment: A critical review. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 18(1), 5–25. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2010.513678

Blaug M. Economic Theory in Retrospect. 5th ed. Cambridge University Press; 1997.

Boulding, Kenneth E.. "The Concept of Economic Surplus". The American Eco-nomic Review. 35 (5): 851–869. 1945. See also https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181816/http://economics.illinoisstate.edu/ntskaggs/eco372/readings/alfred_marshall.htm

Braman, S.. The Micro- and Macroeconomics of Information. Annual Review of In-formation Science and Technology, 40, 3–52. 2006.

Cross Francis, D., Tan, V., & Nicholas, C.. Supporting disciplinary and interdiscipli-nary knowledge development and design thinking in an informal, pre-engineering program: A Workplace Simulation Project. School Science and Mathematics, 119(7), 382–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12364. 2019

Crowston Kevin, Wei Kangning, Howison James, and Wiggins. Andrea. Free/Libre open-source software development: What we know and what we do not know. ACM Comput. Surv. 44, 2, Article 7 (February 2012), 35 pages. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1145/2089125.2089127

Cukurova, M., Luckin, R., & Kent, C.. Impact of an artificial intelligence research frame on the perceived credibility of educational research evidence. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 30(2), 205–235. 2020. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s40593-019-00188-w

Chiu, T. K. F.. The impact of Generative AI (GenAI) on practices, policies and re-search direction in education: a case of ChatGPT and Midjourney. Interactive Learning Environments, 32(10), 6187–6203. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2253861

Dugast, J. & Foucault, T.. Data Abundance and Asset Price Informativeness. Jour-nal of Financial Economics, 130(2), 367–391. 2018.

European Union. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelli-gence and amending Regulations (EC) No 300/2008, (EU) No 167/2013, (EU) No 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2019/2144 and Directives 2014/90/EU, (EU) 2016/797 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act) (Text with EEA relevance)

European Union. Study on open source software governance at the European Commission and selected other European Institutions . This study was carried out for the European Commission by KPMG Italy. 2020. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/1aa67278-5464-11ea-aece-01aa75ed71a1

Feller, Joseph (ed.). Perspectives on free and open source software. MIT Press, 2005.

Garntner. OSS Catalogue Benchmark Final Report D01.05 - D03 - D04

Report for DIGIT. Version 2, 25 February 2022. https://interoperable-europe.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/news/2022-07/SC%20596%20OSS%20Catalogue%20Benchmark%20D01.05%20D03%20D04_final.pdf

Ghosh Rishab A.,Glott Ruediger,Krieger Bernhard, Robles Gregorio.Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study. FLOSS. Deliverable D18: FINAL RE-PORT. International Institute of Infonomics University of Maastricht, The Netherlands 2002. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gregorio-Ro-bles/publication/239065635_FreeLibre_and_Open_Source_Software_Survey_and_Study/links/00b49532c0b6c83840000000/Free-Libre-and-Open-Source-Software-Survey-and-Study.pdf

Grigoreva Ekaterina A. and Garifova Liliya Fuatovna and Polovkina Elvira Ana-sovna. Consumer Behavior in the Information Economy: Generation Z. International Journal of Financial Research volume 12, n. 2, pages164-171, 2021.

Grossman, S. J. & Stiglitz, J. E.. On the Impossibility of Informationally Efficient Mar-kets. American Economic Review, 70(3), 393–408. 1980.

López-Morales Satsumi José, Rosario-Flores, Felipe de Jesús Huerta- Este-vez Antonio. Business in the Base of the Pyramid: A Literature Review and Direc-tions for Future Research. Vilniaus Universitetas. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, vol. 11, núm. 2, pp. 327-347, 2020.

Menendez-Caravaca Eloísa, Bueno Salvador, Gallego M. Dolores. Exploring the link between free and open source software and the collaborative economy: A Del-phi-based scenario for the year 2025. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 173 (2021) 121087. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121087

Neven, Damien J.; Röller, Lars-Hendrik. Consumer surplus vs. welfare standard in a political economy model of merger control, WZB Discussion Paper, No. FS IV 00-15, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB), Berlin. 2000.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). “Explanatory memorandum on the updated OECD definition of an AI system”, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 8, OECD Publishing, Par-is, https://doi.org/10.1787/623da898-en. 2024

Raban D. R., & Włodarczyk, J. (2024). "Chapter 1: Information economics examined through scarcity and abundance". In The Elgar Companion to Information Econom-ics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Retrieved Feb 7, 2025, from https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802203967.00007

Shapiro C. and Varian Hal R.. Information rules : a strategic guide to the network economy. Harvard Business School Press Boston, Massachusetts. 1999.

Stiglitz, J. E.. The Contributions of the Economics of Information to Twentieth Centu-ry Economics. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(4), 1441–1478.2000.

Theben, A., Gunderson, L., López Forés, L., Misuraca, G., Lupiáñez Villanueva, F., Challenges and limits of an open source approach to Artificial Intelligence, study for the Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age (AIDA), Policy De-partment for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies, European Parlia-ment, Luxembourg, 2021.

Varian, Hal R. Intermediate Microeconomics : a Modern Approach. New York :W.W. Norton & Company, 2014.

Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F.. Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 39. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). World Intellectual Property Indi-cators 2024. Geneva: WIPO. 2024. DOI: 10.34667/tind.50133

Downloads

Publicado

2025-03-07

Artigos mais lidos pelo mesmo(s) autor(es)